|
Robert Magnus Martinson (May 19, 1927August 11, 1979) was an American sociologist, whose 1974 study "What Works?", concerning the shortcomings of existing prisoner rehabilitation programs, was highly influential, creating what became known as the "nothing works" doctrine. His later studies were more optimistic, but less influential at the time. He served as chairman of the Sociology Department at the City College of New York, and then founded the Center for Knowledge in Criminal Justice Planning.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Records of the Center for Knowledge in Criminal Justice Planning )〕 ==Life and career== Martinson was born on May 19, 1927 in Minneapolis, Minnesota to Magnus Constantine Martinson and Gwendolyn A. Gagnon.〔New York State death certificate issued August 11, 1979 in Manhattan, New York City via Michael S. Martinson 〕〔Magnus C. Martinson and Robert Martinson in the 1930 United States census living in Minneapolis, Minnesota.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=https://familysearch.org/search/collection/results?count=20&query=%2Bgivenname%3ARobert~%20%2Bsurname%3AMartinson~%20%2Bdeath_year%3A1979-1980~&collection_id=1202535 )〕 He received his degrees – BA (1949), MA (1953), PhD (1968) – from the University of California, Berkeley.〔 In 1959 he ran for mayor of Berkeley, California as the Socialist Party candidate. Martinson was a participant in the 1961 Freedom Riders, spending over a month in two Mississippi jails, and wrote about his experience for ''The Nation''.〔 He also wrote a longer academic study of the group dynamics within his cohort of imprisoned Freedom Riders. His incarceration generated his interest in penology. He married Rita J. Carter on September 18, 1961 in San Francisco, California.〔California Marriage Index, 1960-1985〕 Martinson's investigation with Douglas Lipton and Judith Wilks regarding rehabilitation of inmates in prison had been commissioned in 1966 by the New York State Governor's Commission on Criminal Offenders. It covered 231 earlier studies, dated from 1945 to 1967. Their first draft had been completed in 1970, but because the results were considered unsuitable, the report was initially suppressed. It later became available after an unrelated court case. Something of a public figure at the time, Martinson was interviewed by ''People'' magazine and on ''60 Minutes'' (August 24, 1975), asserting that "nothing works" in prison rehabilitation. His work was embraced by politicians, and inspired a wave of strong sentencing and cancellation of rehabilitation programs. Academics, however, strongly criticized his studies, for drawing conclusions from mostly untrained practitioners in underfunded programs, and he himself later reversed his stance. Martinson committed suicide on August 11, 1979 by leaping from his ninth floor Manhattan apartment.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Robert Martinson」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|